30th Annotated

http://owpdb.mfo.de/detail?photo_id=7484

This is a primary source and it is a phtotgraph, which was taken by Jacobs Konrad in Oberwolfach.

29th Annotated

http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1511/151109.pdf

This image on the First page is Chern.

He sit on the chair and he is doing with some document and computer.

28th Annotated

http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p=119

This website is Talking about the string theory.

The important source is The article also says that few theorists will give up on string theory when supersymmetry is not found at the LHC, with Witten interpreting this not as evidence that string theory is wrong, just that unfortunately it will be harder to get experimental evidence for it than he had hoped. String theorists in general seem to have trouble getting their minds around the idea that it is even possible the theory is wrong. 

27th Annotated

http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/archives/000118.html

This website is talking about what he think and know with Chern. The important source is 

Some of his most important work concerned the topology and geometry of fiber bundles, and

its significance can be seen in the number of crucial ideas of this field that carry his name,

for instance: chern classes, the Chern character, Chern-Weil theory , the Chern-Simons secondary

 characteristic class.

26th Annotated

http://images.amazon.com/images/P/9810239467.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg

This the picture of a book call Wolf Prize in Mathematics. This book is Edited by S S Chern and another person.

This image help me know what book he edited with and I can found more source in this book about him.

25th Annotated

http://www.ams.org/mathmedia/images/md-12-04-chern.jpg

I think it a very important source. I see he is sit on the chair and he cannot walk but his face look like

he still have somethings that he don't know, he is a hard work with math.It help me to know more about him.

24th Annotated

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-12/03/xin_4012010401215691743521.jpg

This is the image of the Chern. I think the action of him is teaching people what he know of define.

It help me know more about this person.

23th Annotated

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-ChernSS.html

This website summary Chern's biography. The important source is Pioneered in the 19th cent. by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his studies of curves and surfaces, differential geometry received little attention among mathematicians until the 1930s and 40s, but Chern transformed this dormant branch of mathematics into a vibrant area of study.

22th Annotated

http://books.google.com/books?id=X7JiKjsJkbEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=chern#PPP8,M1

This book is call .

Chern is the editor of this book. he say When the Mathematical Sciences Reasearch Institute was started in the Fall of 1982, one of the programs was "non-linear partial differential equations". A seminar was organized whose audience aonsisted of graduate students of the University and mature mathematicians who are not experts in the field.

21th Annotated

http://books.google.com/books?id=bw4-P-Pm3FMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=shiing-shen+chern#PPP1,M1

This book is call:. It is writen by chern.

The unity given by the sybject matter makes it desirable to collect them here. It is hoped that the volumes will provide an important start to the scientist who wishes to learn what is going on in that part of mathematics called global analysis.

20th Annotated

http://books.google.com/books?id=_yToCIApCcgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=chern

This book is call <>.

This book describe Oue goal is to devise a Chern-Weil-type construction for compact,connected topological groups so as to refine,in just this sense,the algebraic-topological substitutes for all of the items mentioned above form the differential geometer's toolbox.

19th Annotated

http://books.google.com/books?id=3Wiv8a3U6r4C&pg=PA451&dq=chern+class#PPR14,M1

This book is call:<>.

here have a few sentence about Chern-Weil theory.they use two step to descirbe In Chern-Weil theory(for the case of principal bundles, where the structure group coincides with the fibre)they are constructed.

18th Annotated

http://books.google.com/books?id=5zQ9AFk1i4EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=chern+class#PPP7,M1

This book is call .

At the preface of the book describe the a part time of Chern's life.In 1946 SHING-SHEN CHERN,recently arrived at the Institute for Advabced Study from Kunming in southwestern China. defined characteristic classes for complexvector bundles.

17th Annotated

http://books.google.com/books?id=MU7GzR25rGQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=chern-simons+theory#PPP11,M1

This book is describe the Chern-Simons theory.

The key idea of this bookthat allowed the building of a bridge between topological string theory and Chern-Simons theory was the gauge theory/string theory correspondence. and those two theory is all about Chern.

16th Annotated

http://books.google.com/books?id=bw4-P-Pm3FMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=chern#PPP5,M1

This website is a book show on the internet call .

The preface page of this book is writen by Chern. This book is gorwing up during Chern be the professer of the University of the California. He and other mathematician doing together Because the editors thank the many people who made the institute and volumes possible.

state of Chern-Simon theory

http://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2008/02/states_of_chernsimons_theory.html

this website is describe the funtion and state of the Chern-Simon theory and it list a lot example with other people think about it.



In the thread L ∞ associated Bundles and Sections I started talking about how to compute the space of states of Chern-Simons theory using the L ∞-algebraic model for the Chern-Simons 2-gerbe with connection on BG that we describe in L ∞-connections and applications (pdf, blog, arXiv).

chern

http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/inmemoriam/shiingshenchern.htm

I think the improtant source of this is :
This important proof was the forerunner of other invariants which bear his name, Chern classes, Chern-Weil homomorphism and Chern-Simons invariants, which have become essential tools not only in differential geometry but in other areas of mathematics such as topology and algebraic geometry and also mathematical physics. A large part of modern algebraic geometry would not exist without Chern classes.

chern class

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChernClass.html


A gadget defined for complex vector bundles. The Chern classes of a complex
manifold are the Chern classes of its tangent bundle. The th Chern class is an obstruction to the existence of everywhere complex linearly independent vector fields on that vector bundle. The th Chern class is in the th cohomology group of the base space.

remakes Chern-Simon theory

http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.2507

Is a secondary source written by Daniel S. Freed
(Submitted on 19 Aug 2008 (v1), last revised 28 Oct 2008 (this version, v2)

This source tell us :In the late 1980s Witten used the Chern-Simons form of a connection to construct new invariants of 3-manifolds and knots, recovering in particular the Jones invariants.
it help us easy to understand what is useful to math.

The interview of chern

http://www.ams.org/notices/199807/chern.pdf

This is a article is based on an interview with Shiing Shen Chern conducted on march 4, 1998, by Allyn Jackson, with mathematical help from Dieter Kotschick.

In this article, chern was talking about the important work he did and a lot knowledge he think and he define. His main idea of the chern class is that you should do topology or global geometry in the complex case.The complex case has more structure and is in many ways simpler than the real case.

chern's book

http://www.wspc.com/books/mathematics/3812.htm

This book is writen by chern and other two Professor.

The book call LECTURES ON DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY

Is a translation of an authoritative introductory text based on a lecture series

delivered by the renowned differential geometer, Professor S S Chern in Beijing University in

1980. The original Chinese text, authored by Professor Chern and Professor Wei-Huan Chen.

He put a lot new appendix on the history and recent developments of differential geometry in

this book. And it hlep us to know what he leran and try to improve in his whole life.

chern's poem

math.cts.nthu.edu.tw/.../iccm2001/Chern.htm
Remove frame

This poem is writen by chern. Mean is

physics and geometry are one family.

Together and holding hands they roam to the limits of outer space.

Black hold and monopole exhaust the secret of myths;

Fiber and connections weave to interlace the roseate clouds.

Evolution equations describe solitions;

Dual curvatures defines instantons.

Surprisingly,Math,hasearned its rightful place for man and in sky.

Fondling flowers with a smile--just wish nothing is said.

it describe the relation of phsics and geometry by using chinese poem.

the role of Chern Simons theory in solving the fractional quantum Hall effect mystery

http://www.nim.nankai.edu.cn/activites/conferences/dgmtp/paper/Jainendra%20Jain/chern.pdf

I found this website , I think is from Penn State and NSF. it a project that describe the Chern Simons theory's role.

Chern-Simons theory:prediction of composite fermion, a new class of topological fermions in physics. what is special about them? is the question in the outline.

The Chern-Simons theory unifies the fractional quantum Hall with the well understood integral quantum Hall effect, in the process leading to the prediction and the subsequent discovery of a new class of topological fermions in nature.

chern classes

11/21/08

http://arxiv.org/abs/math.AG/0512486

it write by Constantin Teleman and Christopher T. Woodward. submitted on 21 Dec 2005

this website is describe the chern classes and The Newstead-Ramanan conjecture for Chern classes.

The Chern classes of a complex manifold are the Chern classes of its tangent bundle. The th Chern class is anobstruction to the existence of  everywhere complex linearly independent vector fields on that vector bundle. The th Chern class is in the th cohomology group of the base space.in topology, differential geometry, and algebraic geometry, it is often of vital importance to know how many linearly independent sections a vector bundle has. The Chern classes can be used to provide a great deal of information in answering this question. 

Sixth Annotation: Chern-Simons Theory and Topological Strings

Chern-Simons Theory and Topological Strings

http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0406005

wrote by Marcos Marino sumitted on 1 Jun 2004, last revised 9 may 2005.

It says that they review the relation between Chern-Simons gauge theory and topological string theory. 

This relation has made possible to give an exact solution of string theory on these spaces to all orders in the string coupling

constant.

also,I found up a book name Chern-Simon theory, Matrix Models, and Topological strings.

According the overview is In recent years, the old idea that gauge theories and string theories are equivalent has been implemented and developed in various ways, and there are by now various models where the string theory / gauge theory correspondence is at work. One of the most important examples of this correspondence relates Chern-Simons theory, a topological gauge theory in three dimensions which describes knot and three-manifold invariants, to topological string theory, which is deeply related to Gromov-Witten invariants.

New Thesis Statement and Introductions

     Chern is one of the leaders in differential geometry of the twentieth century. he use his math to define a lot theory that we don't know. he is a chinese but why he become a famous math- ematicians because of the string theory. Chern's work spreads over all the classic fields of differential geometry. It includes areas currently fashionable, perennial , the foundational, and some areas such as projective differential geometry and webs that have a lower profile. He published results in integral geometry, value distribution theory of holomorphic functions, and minimal submanifolds.

        chern use his math to show the scientist that we have this theory, but the problem is we still can not make it become true, we only can know string theory is to be a theory of quantum gravity, then the average size of a string should be somewhere near the length scale of quantum gravity, called the Planck length, which is about 10^-33 centimeters, or about a millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a centimeter. 

       A important proof was the forerunner of other invariants which bear his name, Chern classes, Chern-Weil homomorphism and Chern-Simons invariants, which have become essential tools not only in differential geometry but in other areas of mathematics such as topology and algebraic geometry and also mathematical physics. A large part of modern algebraic geometry would not exist without Chern classes. 

His area of research was differential geometry where he studied the Chern characteristic classes in fibre spaces. These are important not only in mathematics but also in mathematical physics. He worked on characteristic classes during his 1943-45 visit to Princeton and, also at this time, he gave a now famous proof of theGauss-Bonnet formula.

______________________________________________________________________________________

Introduction

      every scientist must is a mathematician. mathematician can measure space and maybe anything. chern is the famous Chinese American mathematician, he use his math to define the string theory(a very important theory), if  you can really understand it and use it. maybe we can pass the time go back 100 years ago, you can think about how special mathematician can do. also, he define and improve the differential geometry.

Fourth Annotation

http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/inmemoriam/shiingshenchern.htm

this is the letter that wrote form Hung-Hsi WuShoshichi, Kobayashi and Alan Weinstein. they say that  Shiing-Shen Chern is the professor of mathematics, Emeritua UC Berkeley in 1911-2004. and this letter was describe his whole life between china and American. There say " A large part of modern algebraic geometry would not exist without Chern classes." when he finally returned to china for good in 1999, the well being of the institute became his final project. he made ambitious plans that were only partially realized at the time of his death.

Third Annotation and Thesis Statement

 Differential Geometry

before that we only can measure normal things, but chern that he start to define Differential Geometry. if you know it that i think you can measure whatever you want, it no just use the length, wight and high.

accord:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry

Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that uses the methods of differential and integral calculus to study problems in geometry. The theory of plane and space curves and of surfaces in the three-dimensional Euclidean space formed the basis for its initial development in the eighteenth and nineteenth century.

Thesis Statement

 chern is one of the leaders in differential geometry of the twentieth century. he use his math to define a lot theory that we don't know. he is a chinese but why he be famous because the string theory.Chern's work spreads over all the classic fields of differential geometry. It includes areas currently fashionable, perennial , the foundational, and some areas such as projective differential geometry and webs that have a lower profile. He published results in integral geometry, value distribution theory of holomorphic functions, and minimal submanifolds.

second Annotation-string theory

string theory ,

      chern use his math to show the scientist that we have this theory, but the problem is we still can not make it become true, we only can know string theory is to be a theory of quantum gravity, then the average size of a string should be somewhere near the length scale of quantum gravity, called the Planck length, which is about 10^-33 centimeters, or about a millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a centimeter. 

http://www.superstringtheory.com/basics/basic4.html

this website help us to know a little about string theory ,but it too difficult to understand it. because we only high school. so, I will research another theory that he define. 

First Annotation-string theory

shiing-shen chern ,   10/24/08

http://www.answers.com/topic/shiing-shen-chern

This website is describe shiing's whole life. he is born in jiaxing (china), but he move to tianjin in 1922 be wih his father. He was a graduate student under Dan Sun at Tsinghua University from 1931 to 1934, working onprojective differential geometry. This website also write a lot theory and things he interesting for. 

This website references several secondary sources, that I know it because it information is created after he died. he was died when he was 93 and it show what he created the string theory. 

NHD

I choose Shiing-Shen Chern for my NHD Project because I am interested in his string theory. This person is very important in the history for mathematics. he made the string theory that effect Alber einstein's theory: E=Mc2. quantum mechanics is a theory that effect einstein's theory too. but, string theory was make either theory be true. I will keep working for his information.

service learning2

meeting for service can help us to plan the service leaning. like last friday, we plan each service learning day what we can do. go to library or other place. so meeting can make more lat us to think about it. bout we challenges is we still didn't they phone. we need to keep talk about it. we need to talk to the library and keep calling the chinese culture center talk about it. I think we will go to library this week.

service learning

last week my service learning was in MR. Todd's class ,

we talk about where we can teach the old people ? and what can we do for them?

we list a lot place for teach.

such as culture center , library , school.

I and hong want to teach chinese kids learn chinese.

so, we talk to MR. Todd,

he tell us how to do.

and sunday,

we go to chinese culture center talk to that people about we want to teaching.

they say they will call us.

we do something for our plan.

next week I will plan what I can teach for the Kids and find some games for them.

what I learn from NHD

when I first hear my teacher told us about the NHD project! I am so exciting for that. but, I want to tell you, NHD project is very hard to us! I and hong just came American 1 year and half. We English in not very well and we just know little word for English! but I think we do all we can do the work . We go to internet to research the information for my topic vietnam war. and we go to library to find the book about the vietnam war. sometime we didn't understand the word , we need to use the translate the know what that mean is , and we need to do the promise source do the index card for that. Is so hard for he chinese student to do the project! I know my partner was very tied , because they do the most work for the project. I am very sorry for that, i want to help they too! but I can not! because some work my english cannot help they to do ! so I am sad too! when we finish all project, I am so happy! because we doing so well for that, i think! I learn a lot information of vietnam war . I know how to research the information what I want. I know how to pick some source form a lot information. I study a lot things form the NHD project and I know I didn't do well for this year. but next year I will improve myself to do well!

source

Primary Source

http://www.pbs.org.wgbh/amex/vietnam/pscourse/ps_tonkingulf.html

2/02/2008

(President Johnson's Message to Congress)

http://www.pbs.org.wgbh/amex/vietnam/pscourse/ps_kennedy.html

1/27/2008

(President Kennedy's letter to Ngi Dinh Diem)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam-War

1/28/2008

This website explains the war was took place from 1965 to April 30, 1975, adn it was fought between South and North Vietnam for unify the country, and ended with defeat of South Vietnam.

http://www.vietnampix.com/intro2.htm

2/04/2008

This website explains fear the spread of communist cause many countries involved in this war.





Secondary Source

http://www.vietvet.org/thewall.htm
1/02/2008
This is a website that talk about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. There were million of name who died during the war.
http://history1900s.about.com/od/vietnamwar.a.vietnamtimeline.htm
1/04/2008
This website shows the timeline in that time.

http://www.bookrage.com/history/vietnam-war/sub9.html
1/04/2008
(America Begins to Get Out of Vietnam)

http://www.infoplease.com/co6/history/A0850869.html
2/01/2008
This website explained a short concept pf the Vietnam War

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/psourse/ps_policy.html
2/02/2008
(American Policy in Vietnam)
http://www,pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/timeline/index.html
1/27/2008
This is a website that has a timeline of Vietnam after World War II
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0861797.html
1/27/2008
(End of the War)
This website explains the end of the war, that Vietnam was formally reunified in July, 1976, and Saigo was renamed Ho Chi Minh City.

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/what_were_the_cause_of_the_vietnam_war
2/04/2008
This website explains the cause of the Vietnam War.
http://www.infoplease.com/co6/history/A0861794.html
2/02/2008
(Cause and Early Years)
This website describes the way president Diem stopped the reunification of Vietnam.

http://www.vietnamwar.com/
1/24/2008
This website explains the division of Vietnam into North and South.
.
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/vietnam/index.cfm
1/28/2008
This source shows Vietnam became independence from French and than divided into North and South Vietnam. By 1958, Communist-led guerrillas known as the Viet Cong had begun to battle the South Vietnam government.

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=516
1/09/2008
This website shows that the war which resulted in nearly 60.000 American deaths and an estimated 2 million Vietnam deaths, and an anti-war protests became a feature of American life.

http://www.42explore2.com/vietnam.htm
1/24/2008
This website described the United States involved in this war in March 1965, fighting for South Vietnam for several years then the United States slowly began to pull their troops out of Vietnam, because of the anti-war in their own country, and the war was finally ended with defeat South Vietnam.
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War
1/11/2008
This website explains by 1973, United States soldiers were no longer in Vietnam, as a result, American sent less and less money and weaponry to South Vietnam. North Vietnam made a massive military attack in 1974on South Vietnam. North and South Vietnam became a single country again on July 2, 1976, and this is now called the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/cot/t3w30vietnamwar.htm
01/21/2008
(Ho Chi Minh)
`
http://www.cyberessays.com/History/103.htm
1/22/2008
This website tell that the governmant leaders began an economic plan in 1986, when aid from the Soviet Union stopped, the country was able to stand on its own. The government fears that if contact with the United States increases, it might result in a revolution that would destory their authority.
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/vietnam.htm
1/22/2008
This website shows that the U.S eventually fielded an army of over 500.000 men and engaged in extensive air and naval warfare again North Vietnam, which actions caused a civil war in their country.

http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/vietnamwar/p/VietnamBrief.htm
1/21/2008
This website expalins the division of Vietnam into two part--communist and noncommunist, the United States tried to stopped the communist, send army to South Vietnam, and help them to defeat North Vietnam.
http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/vietnamwar/p/VietnamBrief.htm
1/28/2008
This website explains the end of the war and the fall of Saigon.

http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/vietnamwar/p/VietnamBrief.htm
2/01/2008
This website describea about the The Tet Offensive.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War#Effects_on_Vietnam
1/12/2008
This website explains the effect on Vietnam.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War#China
1/19/2008
This website describes the involvement of China in 1949.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War#Philippines
1/14/2008
This website explains the involvement of Philippines.

http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761552642
1/19/2008
This website tell about before the Vietnma War, French invaded Vitetnam and made it s a colony of them for a hundrel year, and then Vietnam escaped from their rule, became independent.

http://history1900s.about.com/od/vietnamwar/a/vietnamwar.htm
2/02/2008
This website explains the Vietnam War was struggle between nationalist forces attempring to unify the whole country of Vietnam under the communist government, and the United Stated tried to prevent the spread pf communist, but the u.s leaders lost the American public's support for the war in Vietnam.
http://www.vietnampix.com/intro.htm
2/04/2008
This website shows that in 1950 the United States began to send troops to Vietnam. During the war almost 3 million US men and women were send to there to fought for the Vietnamese to do what the vietnamese should to do for themself.It is estimated that over 2.5 million people on both sides were killed.

process paper

Group Member:
Amy
Chen Xian
Linfeng Yang
Hong Lin

Teacher: Miss Mahdi

The Vietnam War was the longest war in the United Stated history, American fear the spread of communist, then send their soldier, money and weapons to support South Vietnam where thousand miles away from American.


We are doing the documentary for the Vietnam War. The topic for our NHD Project is why American involved in the Vietnam War. It got us interested in the topic, because it is a disaster in the American history which causes an anti-war in their own country, when the Vietnam War start many of the American college students were protesting the United Stated being in Vietnam. If I was a college student in 1960-1970, I would also want to protest the war.

During the work, we had interviewed a man who had been sending to South Vietnam for fighting when he was 19 years old. In common, many people at that age would enjoy their time with their friends or family, but because of the Vietnam War, a war that wastes people time and life,

When we first start the project, we thought it was just a common war. But gradually, we know it was a unpopulated war. The Vietnam was a colony of French under their govern for a hundred year.And it then escapsed from France, then the Vietnam seperated into two parts, one is communist government(the North Vietnam), another part is uncommunist governmen(the South Vietnam), and the war was start for reunify the whole country, it began from 1959 to April 30,1975.

Doing the work, we had faced many challenges, such as we need to check the truth of the information whether is right or not. We should go to he library or Internet to research the sources, and finally, fix them for organized information. When we doing the project, because of the language problem, we can’t easy understand the main point of the source. But we finally overcomed it, we asked our tutor to explains the mainly thinks for us, and we also looked for some information about Vietnam War written in Chinese.

At the end of the war the United States began to pull their troops out of Vietnam. The involvement of American made their people angry. The war killed American boys in the war, it dropped the United States into a terrible time. Many younger people were drafted in the services for the war, the United States government put some National-Guidemen to stop the protest in the college, and sometimes they kill the protestor. The war was finally ended with defeat South Vietnam, North Vietnam unify the whole country under the communist government.

People asked us why we chosen the documentary, because we think the documentary could affectible and easier et people understand the whole thing. It is vivid than those like exhibit or paper. It let people feel not that boring, it had a condign attraction.